Postpartum Depression And Postnatal Depression Psychology Essay

Postpartum Depression And Postnatal Depression Psychology Essay Presently at hand there is a reoccurring social problem that is alarming to pregnant women collectively. The social dilemma is identified as postpartum depression otherwise to some as postnatal depression. Postpartum is a significant type of clinical depression that inhibits women emotionally and physically following childbirth. Postpartum depression is a form of depression that follows child birth in particular mothers. Cases can be mild or severe enough to be labeled psychosis and require hospitalization ( ). When people contemplate desolation, many assume depression as just erratic mood swings, anxiety, or guilt which is self inflicted. However depression is beyond mood swings and impulsive emotions. Depression is the fourth leading cause of global disease burden for individuals and society (Brundtland, 1998).Depression is a clinical diagnosed ailment that hinders the world population. Depression can be treated and alleviated, although overlooked may develop into severe mental and physical problems. Postpartum depression is a grave illness that requires immediate attention by qualified physicians. Those who are diagnosed with depression often encounter symptoms similar to guilt, anxiety, sleeplessness, and constant thoughts of suicide. PPD is a serious social predicament that should not be ignored, if manifested PPD can be very detrimental to the welfare of families and children. Although men can develop PPD, typically PPD troubles women who undergo the early phases of childbirth usually proceeding three months of delivery. Women are more vulnerable to PPD given that their bodies undergo extreme psychological, physical, and developmental change in such a short duration. There are various explanations and diagnosis into why PPD develops within women post birth. Some of these reasons include Hormonal change, sudden vary of lifestyle, mental illness, along with stress. Furthermore PPD is not just an obstacle that occupies a few; PPD is universal and in fact common in many child births. One in six women is affected by mental distress during pregnancy or postpartum, and was found to be the leading cause of maternal death between 2000 and 2002 (Lewis 2004). Some intellects may regard these manners simply as the baby blues; nevertheless expert studies have revealed that PPD is indeed a well documented illness that inhabits women of every populace. Furthermore this r esearch paper will confer the issues of postpartum disorder along with providing adequate information concerning the causes, symptoms, impact on child development, and methods for treatment. Now that I have identified postpartum depression, lets acknowledge as well as analyze the causes and symptoms of PPD. It is often difficult to diagnose or even pin point the sources of PPD; however several doctors explicate that PPD may be triggered by unexpected change in hormones, sudden adjustment of lifestyle, mental illness, or stress. Postpartum depression occurs in 10-15% of women in the general population ( ). Women who undergo pregnancy usually encompass higher levels of hormones which in essence can alter cognitive behaviors and emotions. All women are unique; many go through intense body and hormonal changes. Subsequent to birth it is common for women to have decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone which can instigate mood swings, nervousness, as well as extreme fatigue. Following pregnancy, mothers who experience PPD frequently endure the postpartum blues; moreover 85% of women experience some type of mood disturbance. For most women, symptoms are transient and rela tively mild, however 10-15% of women experience a more disabling and persistent form of depression and 0.1-0.2% of women experience postpartum psychosis ( ). The postpartum depression or baby blues traumatic symptoms include of anxiety, sleeplessness, loss of energy, guilt, and at some levels severe mental psychosis. Another cause of PPD is the abrupt change of daily routine. The change of lifestyle from time to time may be overwhelming or even too demanding for newborn families. Mothers and Fathers are sometimes unaware the drastic lifestyle changes a baby initiates. In other words some families are unprepared for the consequences and responsibilities of nurturing a newborn. This is particularly true when it comes to younger couples who engage in unplanned pregnancies. You see this scenario all too often, couples who lack maturity, experience, as well as responsibility do not understand what it takes to be a suitable parent. This is why education plus counseling is crucial to counteract PPD. Many families who lack the resources, education, healthcare, or economic means are further susceptible to PPD; as a result the lower class citizens usually suffer largely. Additional contributing factors to PPD consist of patients who suffer from substance abuse, unplanned pregnancy, financial problems, poor relationships, and those who already endure a history of mental illness or depression. If this problem is left untreated, postnatal depression can last for months or even years, therefore endangering yourself and your childs welfare. Next I plan on discussing the impact that postpartum depression has on newborn babies and child development. The early stages of child maturity is significant, otherwise health problems may transpire. Children of mothers with postpartum depression are more likely than children of non depressed mothers to exhibit behavioral problems (e.g., sleep and eating difficulties, temper tantrums, hyperactivity), delays in cognitive development, emotional and social deregulation, and early onset of depressive illness( ). Implying families who bear post partum depression may in fact negatively affect parent-infant relations. Newborn babies require constant attention and nurturing, however if the family is experiencing PPD, this may result in neglect ion of the Childs physical and emotional upbringing. The mother and infant bonding is essential for childhood growth, furthermore PPD could hold a profound impact on the Childs well being. Untreated postpartum affective illness places both the mother and infant at risk and is associated with significant long-term effects on child development and behavior therefore, appropriate screening, prompt recognition, and treatment of depression are essential for both maternal and infant well-being and can improve outcome ( ). If the symptoms of PPD persist, the child may unconsciously withdraw or reject the mothers parenting. At this point we have recognized Post partum depression as well as documented the cause and effects of PPD. Therefore lets focus on the process for treating PPD. No two women are alike, so treating PPD can be tedious even overwhelming sometimes. The most important factor for treatment of PPD is early detection. Realizing there is a problem and early treatment is crucial for reducing PPD. And though PPD is categorized as a disorder, there are several affective methods for healing. A number of techniques used to counter PPD include counseling, antidepressant drugs, and importantly education. Post natal depression is in fact a curable illness but it takes time along with education which is the crucial. It is also essential to surround yourself with quality caregivers. In addition its vital to encompass a good support system like family, friends, collegues, or even co workers to help ease the symptoms of depression. Medication and professional counseling can often be successful for reduc ing or eliminating the symptoms of PPD. Many doctors believe that counseling plus anti depressants including nortriptyline, paroxetine, and sertraline will help counter the symptoms of PPD. And I know this day and age drugs are not always the answer; however experts agree that antidepressants along with therapy plus counseling are well documented for alleviating PPD. As you can observe postpartum depression is as significant illness that plagues women of all stature. Postpartum depression has been established in numerous studies to have a negative effect on a mothers ability to provide optimal care for her infant ( ). One in six women is affected by mental distress during pregnancy or postpartum, and was found to be the leading cause of maternal death between 2000 and 2002 (Lewis 2004). PPD is a serious social issue that needs further attention. This is not a dilemma that discriminates between race, gender, or age. Everyone is susceptible to PPD and this illness is increasing with the hardship of times. There is a dire need of education and healthcare for families that experience PPD.

Ergonomics Essay example -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Ergonomics Ergonomics, as defined by the Board of Certification for Professional Ergonomists (BCPE), "is a body of knowledge about human abilities, human limitations and human characteristics that are relevant to design. Ergonomic design is the application of this body of knowledge to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments for safe, comfortable and effective human use". The term ergonomics is derived from the Greek word ergos meaning "work" and nomos meaning "natural laws of" or "study of." The profession has two major branches with considerable overlap. One discipline, sometimes referred to as "industrial ergonomics," or "occupational biomechanics," concentrates on the physical aspects of work and human capabilities such as force, posture, and repetition. A second branch, sometimes referred to as "human factors," is oriented to the psychological aspects of work such as mental loading and decision-making. The profession is comprised of practicing and academic engineers, safety professionals, industrial hygienists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, nurse practitioners, chiropractors, and occupational medicine physicians. History of Ergonomics. Christensen, an expert in the said field, points out that the importance of a "good fit" between humans and tools was probably realized early in the development of the species. Indeed cavemen are known to have selected stone tools and made scoops from antelope bones in a clear display of selecting/creating objects to make tasks easier to accomplish. In the work environment, the selection and creation of tools, machines, and work processes continued. Over centuries, the effectiveness of hammers, axes and plows improved. With the Industrial Revolution, machines such as the spinning jenny (a machine that produced yarn to make cloth) and rolling mills (a method of flattening iron ore into flat sheets) were developed to improve work processes. This is the same motivation behind much of ergonomics today. The association between occupations and injuries of body muscles and bones were documented centuries ago. Bernardino Ramazinni (1633-1714) wrote about work-related complaints (that he saw in his medical practice) in the 1713 supplement to his 1700 publication, "De Morbis Artificum (Diseases of Workers)." Wojciech Jastrzebowski created the word ergonomics in 1857 ... ...ngineering Controls) Pullout steps, external handles and multilevel shelving have been installed in delivery trucks to make access to beverage cases easier. Counterbalancing devices have been added to improve hand truck stability. Beverage cartons have been redesigned for easier handling. The total weight was decreased by substituting plastic for some glass containers. Ergonomic Solution (Benefits) Reduced risk factor exposure. Employee satisfaction. Improved physical and psychological comfort. Ergonomic Solution (Method Which Verified Effectiveness) Quantitative tests of heart rate, stress/fatigue levels and discomfort reports showed statistically significant improvements in physical and psychological comfort, providing scientific justification for the changes. References R.S. Bridger. (1995) Introduction to Ergonomics. McGraw-Hill International Editions K.H.E. Kroemer & E. Grandjean. (1999) Fitting the task to the human Taylor & Francis Publishings The Human factors section, Health, Safety & Human factors laboratory, Eastman Kodak Company. (1983) Ergonomic design for people at work Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York www.ergoweb.com

Intro to finance Essay

Question 1 (5 points) Qin deposits his first paycheck in the bank. The annual interest rate is 12%, but interest is compounded quarterly. The EAR is: 12.00 12.55 12.68 12.44 Question 2 (5 points) Gloria is 35 and trying to plan for retirement. She has put a budget together and plans to save $4,800 per year, starting at the end of this year, in a retirement fund until she is 65. Assume that she can make 7% on her account. How much will she have for retirement at age 65? 499245 144000 453412 345514 Question 3 (5 points) Dominique has just turned 65 and she has deposited her annual payment of $20,000 into her retirement account. She made her first such saving deposit into this fund on her 35th birthday. Dominique has also retired and wants to figure out how much money she has in her retirement account for her retired life. You are Dominique’s friend who knows finance. How much is Dominique’s savings worth today given that the fund has earned an annual return of 5.5%? (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals.) Answer for Question 3 Question 4 (5 points) Gerard has estimated that he is going to need enough in his retirement fund to withdraw $75,000 per year beginning on his 66th birthday and for 19 additional years thereafter. How much will Gerard need in his retirement account at age 65 if his fund is expected to earn an annual return of 9.5%? 995733 660929 1500000 644324 Question 5 (10 points) Rachna is considering a life insurance plan that will require her to pay a premium of $200 every year for the next 40 years. She wants to make sure that she is able to make this payment and wants to put away a lump sum today in her bank to cover all future payments. How much would she need to deposit in her bank if the annual interest rate on her deposit account is 4%? (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals.) Answer for Question 5 Question 6 (10 points) Roxanne is in the market for a new house, and she has found a house she likes that is selling for $250,000. The down payment on the house is 20% (the amount that the bank should require you to pay in cash) and Roxanne plans to finance the remainder with a fixed rate mortgage. The annual rate is 6% and the mortgage is for 15 years, though payments are monthly. What is the interest component of Roxanne’s first monthly payment? 1000 900 800 1100 Question 7 (15 points) Baako has invested $75,000 in a trust fund at 9% for his child’s college education. His child will draw $30,000 per year for four years, starting at the end of year 7. What will be the amount that will be left over in the education fund at the end of year 10 (just after the child has withdrawn the fourth time)?(Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals.) Answer for Question 7 Question 8 (15 points) Jingfei bought a house 10 years ago for $200,000. Her down payment on the house was the minimum required 10% at that time she financed the remainder with a 15-year fixed rate mortgage. The annual interest rate was 10% and she was required to make monthly payments, and she has just made her 120th payment. A new bank has offered to refinance the remaining balance  on Jingfei’s loan and she will have to pay $1,900 per month for the next 5 years, but the total fees she will have to pay today to get the new loan is $1,000. Should she take the new offer? How much will she gain or lose in today’s dollars if she does? Annual interest rates are still 10%. (yes, gain 324) (yes, gain 712) (no, loss 614) (no, loss 712) (yes, gain 614) (No, loss 324) Question 9 (15 points) You have been living in the house you bought 10 years ago for $300,000. At that time, you took out a loan for 80% of the house at a fixed rate 15-year loan at an annual stated rate of 9%. You have just paid off the 120th monthly payment. Interest rates have meanwhile dropped steadily to 6% per year, and you think it is finally time to refinance the remaining balance. But there is a catch. The fee to refinance your loan is $4,000. Should you refinance the remaining balance? How much would you save/lose if you decided to refinance? (yes, gain 4053) (yes, gain 3300) (no, lose 2331) (yes, gain 4647) (no, lose 2300) (no, lose 1323) Question 10 (15 points) You are interested in a new Ford Taurus. After visiting your Ford dealer, doing your research on the best leases available, you have three options. (i) Purchase the car for cash and receive a $1,500 cash rebate from Dealer A. The price of the car is $15,000. (ii) Lease the car from Dealer B. Under this option, you pay the dealer $500 now and $200 a month for each of the next 36 months (the first $200 payment occurs 1 month from today). After 36 months you may buy the car for $8,000. (iii) Purchase the car from Dealer C who will lend you the entire purchase price of the car for a zero interest  36-month loan with monthly payments. The car price is $15,000. Suppose the market interest rate is 6%. What is the net cost today of the cheapest option? (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals.Since this asks for a cost, you just enter the number without a negative sign.)

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