Geography of the Northern Hemisphere

The Northern Hemisphere is the northern half of the Earth. It begins at 0Â ° or the equator and continues north until it reaches 90Â °N latitude or the North Pole. The word hemisphere itself specifically means half of a sphere, and since the earth is considered an oblate sphere, a hemisphere is half. Geography and Climate Like the Southern Hemisphere, the Northern Hemisphere has a varied topography and climate. However, there is more land in the Northern Hemisphere so it is even more varied and this plays a role in the weather patterns and climate there. The land in the Northern Hemisphere consists of all of Europe, North America and Asia, a portion of South America, two-thirds of the African continent and a very small portion of the Australian continent with islands in New Guinea. Winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from around December 21 (the winter solstice) to the vernal equinox around March 20. Summer lasts from the summer solstice around June 21 to the autumnal equinox around September 21. These dates are due to the Earths axial tilt. From the period of December 21 to March 20, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, and during the June 21 to September 21 interval, it is tilted toward the sun. To aid in studying its climate, the Northern Hemisphere is divided into several different climatic regions. The Arctic is the area that is north of the Arctic Circle at 66.5Â °N. It has a climate with very cold winters and cool summers. In the winter, it is in complete darkness for 24 hours per day and in the summer it receives 24 hours of sunlight. South of the Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer is the Northern Temperate Zone. This climatic area features mild summers and winters, but specific areas within the zone can have very different climatic patterns. For example, the southwestern United States features an arid desert climate with very hot summers, while the state of Florida in the southeastern U.S. features a humid subtropical climate with a rainy season and mild winters. The Northern Hemisphere also encompasses a portion of the Tropics between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator. This area is usually hot all year and has a rainy summer season. The Coriolis Effect An important component of the Northern Hemispheres physical geography is the Coriolis Effect and the specific direction that objects are deflected in the northern half of the Earth. In the northern hemisphere, any object moving over the Earths surface deflects to the right. Because of this, any large patterns in air or water turn clockwise north of the equator. For example, there are many large ocean gyres in the North Atlantic and North Pacific- all of which turn clockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, these directions are reversed because objects are deflected to the left. In addition, the right deflection of objects impacts the flows of air over the Earth and air pressure systems. A high-pressure system, for example, is an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than that of the surrounding area. In the Northern Hemisphere, these move clockwise because of the Coriolis Effect. By contrast, low-pressure systems or areas where atmospheric pressure is less than that of the surrounding area move counterclockwise because of the Coriolis Effect in the Northern Hemisphere. Population Because the Northern Hemisphere has more land area than the Southern Hemisphere it should also be noted that the majority of Earths population and its largest cities are also in its northern half. Some estimates say that the Northern Hemisphere is approximately 39.3% land, while the Southern half is only 19.1% land. Reference Wikipedia. (13 June 2010). Northern Hemisphere - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere

A Comprehensive Examination of The Far-Reaching Effects of...

The Depression affected the varying economic and social classes in different ways. The experience of the Depression obviously had a negative impact on the country as a whole but some groups of society were still able to flourish. In addition to economic and social class, geographic location also played a role in experience of Americans during the Depression. Those unlucky citizens that lived in the Great Plains states were also dealing with the effects of the Dust Bowl during this time. Some citizens were lucky enough to find themselves working in Depression proof jobs such as the cigarette and shoe manufacturing industries (Kennedy, p. 163). However, most people had to adjust to a new norm of searching for subsistence level or even†¦show more content†¦The Depression affected families in many different ways. In some cases, people chose to put off marriage, starting a family, or expanding their family due to the Depression. In other cases, it prevented marriages from ending as couples felt trapped in their marriage just so they could survive. Some men felt helpless and powerless as they were no longer able to care for their family as they had when they were employed. Women often lost their jobs first as companies and the government attempted to keep the heads of the household employed (Kennedy, p. 164). Those who decided to accept federal aid often felt a mark of shame which no doubt resulted in loss of self-esteem and respect. These events would often change the dynamics of the household and resulting in bitterness. Women lost the security and comfort that their husbands had been able to provide prior to unemployment. One father told an interviewer that he felt his kids had lost respect for him since he lost his ability to provide for them (Kennedy, p. 166). Many families that had settled in the Great Plains fled to California in search. They were often met with no work, transient camps, and low job prospects. These families had to struggle just to su rvive and the children regularly experienced things at a younger age than they normally would have. Those who worked in the factory and constructionShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Homeless Conditions, Drug Abuse, And Mental Illness1464 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders correlate? Do homeless conditions lead to or exacerbate mood disorders such as depression, heightened level of anxiety, and other disorders that have not even been diagnosed or treated? Homeless individuals are slave to the cercumstances that they are in both mental and physical, which have far reaching effects. Homelessness affects families, governmental finances, and the public at large. A great number of homeless individuals have mental and emotional illnesses. 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How The Past Can Assist The Modern Criminal Justice System

Principally, changes in political climate with various governments occupied through times of war, plague and famine, have led to rapid changes in social values, priorities and economic environments. These factors are considered to be paramount during the application of historical methodologies, not least to studies pertaining to the CJS and its subsidiaries. Moreover, â€Å"In 1948, Sir Leon Radzinowicz... [believed] ...lessons of the past can assist the modern criminal justice system† (as cited in Godfrey, Lawrence and Williams, 2008, p. 16). Criminologists research to understand whether policing was and is pragmatic, idealistic or both and how it has become so rooted into the constitution despite its often hostile critique. From 1750, for two centuries, policing is considered to have been revolutionary. 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Encyclopedia of Science - Technology - and Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics. Answer: The Scenario: Tendency and occurrence of video piracy and illegal downloading of videos from various sites are showing an increasing trend. A recent study lead by Robert Eres, a PhD student of Monash University has brought about a clear insight into the working of brain while engaged in stealing tangible and intangible goods. According to the research which studied the brain activity of 127 people who were made to imagine things- tangible and intangible, it was found that, it was difficult for people to imagine intangible objects compared to tangible goods. Next, they were asked to imagine stealing tangible and intangible goods. The observation was that the area of brain associated with guilt was less activated in the latter case compared to the former instance. This is the very reason why downloading a movie or song from a site without payment or permission is not perceived as a grave crime unlike taking away a bag or toy from a store. Even law abiding citizens who never resort to do the latter e ngage themselves in the former activity because of this very perception issue. The people engaged in this activity are only taking into account their action and are not thinking about the collective behavior and the results that arise from it. Many recent new items point to this direction. According to Powell (2014), there is no law to penalize people who download content for personal viewing and is just a civil issue when commercial viewing does not happen. Another important issue associated with video piracy is that it is supposed to be a victimless crime which gives all the more reasons for the perpetrators to continue on the same path. The Stakeholders: 1. The pirates or the people hosting the illegal download sites 2. The individuals actually performing the task of downloading 3. The film or video producers, people engaged in creative endeavors, people in cinema and television who can be grouped under the umbrella term of victims Ethical Issues: 1. Piracy which is a breach to intellectual property rights of the producers or the copyright holders. 2. Rights of many people who have been mentioned in the list of victims above are being violated by the few people who are engaged in this activity. 3. Piracy affects creativity and innovations in the field. Non-Ethical Issues: 1. Job losses 2. The perceived rights of the pirates. 3. Price rise associated with piracy 4. When the viewer depend on the low quality pirated stuff the reputation of the movie maker itself gets affected Consequences: 1. Many people are involved in the making of a movie like the producer, the director, actors, technicians, distributers and so on. Their lives as well as lives of their dependents are intrinsically linked with the returns they obtain from this endeavor. In reality this is not a victimless crime as seen from the part of the perpetrators. 2. A lot of creativity and innovations are involved in the creation of a movie or any new video for that matter. When it is being pirated without any benefits for the creators it amounts to violation of their rights and discourages new creations from being made. 3. The job losses that are resulted because of the lack of enough returns will adversely affect the lives of many people engaged in the various stages of the production activity. 4. It will also adversely affect the genuine audience as the price for them would increase to keep up with the lost income on the other side. 5. It in many cases leads to penalizing the innocent people whose assets are made use of by the pirates. 6. The people making use of these sites to download movies and videos are unaware of the legal and ethical adversities caused by their action as these are intangible goods and the general perception of piracy as a victimless crime. They are in many cases penalized for their ignorance and might not do so if they know about the consequences of their action. 7. The movie and industry is getting threatened by this very tendency of piracy (Strauss, 2013). Ethical Analysis Consequentialism Consequentialism is a theory of ethics where the ends or the consequences arising from an action determine if it is right or wrong. In this theory of ethics the circumstance, the previous happenings that led to this particular action and other instances are not taken into consideration to determine the rightness or wrongness of any action Sinnott- Amstrong (2015). While analyzing this particular action of pirating videos and movies the end effect on the various stakeholders is invariably negative. The victims include a wide range of people and all their lives are jeopardized because of the actions of the people who perform this crime (Spinello Tavani, 2004). The jobs, means of livelihood, creativity, innovative bent of mind are all negatively affected by piracy. The intellectual property rights of the copyright owners are violated by this action. Thus piracy is in no way ethical when analyzed using the theory of consequentialism as the end it results in is invariably negative and wr ong to the victims of the action. Just Consequentialism Theory of just consequentialism was developed by James H Moor in 1999 with an aim to provide solution to ethical issues involving computers and computer networks. It simply is consequentialism constrained by justice. There are a set of core values and rights that all humans have and know about and practice like lives, happiness, autonomy etc. When they do not harm these rights of others they are being ethical (Mitcham, 2005). But in case of piracy the people who are doing this activity when using their right of happiness through entertainment are interfering with same right of others who are the victims of this action. The right of the creators, producers and others involved in the creation of the art form is being curtailed and this cannot be justified. So piracy can be said to be unethical when the principle of just consequentialism is applied. Options: Better laws and regulations can be brought by the governments to make breaching of copyrights and IPR a serious offence. People who make use of these sites for downloading illegal content can be made aware of the seriousness of the issue Those who think that piracy is a victimless crime should be made aware that this is not so and many people and their lives are affected by this illegal action Care should be taken to ensure that the laws and regulations are being implemented properly. Efforts should be made to bring about innovations in the technology to prevent piracy. Conclusions : Many people who download from the various sites does not actually know about the various people whose lives are affected by them doing so. Creating awareness among people so can help to curb piracy to a great level. The loopholes available in laws and regulations are misused by the hosts of various sites. Strong laws so, to a large extend can prevent piracy from happening References : Mitcham, C. (2005).Encyclopedia of science, technology, and ethics. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. Powell, R. (2014).Downloading movies and TV is not a crime.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from https://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/downloading-movies-and-tv-is-not-a-crime-20141126-11uyie.html Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2015).Consequentialism.Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 24 May 2016, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ Spinello, R. Tavani, H. (2004).Readings in cyberethics. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Strauss, K. (2013).Tv and film piracy threatening an industry.Forbes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2013/03/06/tv-and-film-piracy-threatening-an-industry/#4779673f5e0e